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´óѧ4¼¶¿¼ÊÔ¡¡¡¡CollegeEnglishModelTestThree¡¡¡¡¡ªBandFour¡ª¡¡¡¡Part¢ñWriting(30minutes)¡¡¡¡Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirty¡¡minutestowritealettertoyourAmericanfriend¡¡Lawrence,tointroduceSpringFestivalinChinaand¡¡invitehimtojoinyoutospendthisSpringFestival.¡¡SupposeyouareYuanChao.Youshouldwriteatleast¡¡120wordsfollowingthesuggestionsgivenbelowin¡¡Chinese:¡¡¡¡1.±í´ïÄã¶ÔLawrenceµÄÏëÄîÖ®Ç飻¡¡¡¡2.½éÉÜÖйúµÄ´º½Ú£»¡¡¡¡3.ÑûÇëLawrenceºÍÄãÃÇÒ»Æð¹ý´º½ÚÌáʾ:ÔÚʵ¿¼ÊÔ¾íÖУ¬¸ÃÊÔÌâÔÚ´ðÌ⿨1ÉÏ¡£¡¡¡¡ALettertoLawrence¡¡¡¡September23,2005¡¡¡¡DearLawrence,¡¡¡¡Yours,¡¡¡¡YuanChao¡¡¡¡Part¢òReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)¡¡¡¡Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,mark¡¡¡¡Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;¡¡¡¡N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;¡¡¡¡NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.¡¡¡¡Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswithinformationgiveninthepassage.¡¡¡¡ComputerCrime¡¡¡¡Acomputercrimeisgenerallydefinedasonethatinvolvestheuseofcomputersandsoftwareforillegalpurposes.Thisdoesn¡¯tmeanthatallthecrimesarenewtypesofcrime.Onthecontrary,manyofthesecrimes,suchasembezzlementoffunds,thealterationofrecords,theft,vandalism,sabotage,andterrorism,canbecommittedwithoutacomputer.Butwithacomputer,theseoffensescanbecarriedoutmorequicklyandwithlesschancethatthepersonresponsibleforthecrimewillbediscovered.¡¡¡¡Computercrimesareontheriseandhavebeenforthelasttwelveyears.JusthowmuchthesecomputercrimescosttheAmericanpublicisindispute,butestimatesrangefrom«Ã¡ç3billionto«Ã¡ç5billionannually.EventheFBI,whichattemptstokeeptrackofthegrowthordeclineofallkindsofcrimes,isunabletosaypreciselyhowlargealossisinvolved;however,itestimatesthattheaveragetakefromacompanyhitbycomputercrimeis«Ã¡ç600,000.Anumberofreasonsaregivenfortheincreaseincomputercrime:(A)morecomputersinuseand,thus,morepeoplewhoarefamiliarwithbasiccomputeroperation;(B)morecomputerstiedtogetherinsatelliteandotherdata¡ªtransmissionnetworks;and(C)theeasyaccessofmicrocomputerstohugemainframedatabases.¡¡¡¡TheCriminal¡¡¡¡Moviesandnewspaperstoriesmightleadustobelievethatmostcomputercrimesarecommittedbyteenage¡°hackers¡±¡ªbrilliantandbasicallygoodchildrenwholettheirimaginationandtechnicalgeniusgetthemintotrouble.Butarealisticlookatthecrimesrevealsthattheoffenderislikelytobeanemployeeofthefirmagainstwhichthecrimehasbeencommitted,i.e.,an¡°insider¡±.¡¡¡¡DifficultyofDetectionandPrevention¡¡¡¡Giventhekindofpersonwhocommitsacomputercrimeandtheenvironmentinwhichthecrimeoccurs,itisoftendifficulttodetectwhothecriminalis.Firstofall,thecrimemaybesocomplexthatmonthsoryearsgobybeforeanyonediscoversit.¡¡¡¡Second,oncethecrimehasbeenrevealed,itisnoteasytofindacleartrailofevidencethatleadsbacktotheguiltyparty.Afterall,lookingfor¡°weapons¡±orfingerprintsdoesnotoccurasitmightintheinvestigationofmoreconventionalcrimes.¡¡¡¡Third,thereareusuallynowitnessestothecomputercrime,eventhoughitmaybetakingplaceinaroomfilledwithpeople.Whoistosayifthepersonatthenextterminal,calmlykeyingindata,isdoingthecompany¡¯sworkorcommittingacriminalact?¡¡¡¡Fourth,notenoughpeopleinmanagementandlawenforcementknowenoughaboutcomputertechnologytopreventthecrimes.Authoritieshavetobefamiliarwiththecomputer¡¯scapabilitieswithinagivensituationtoguardagainstitsmisuses.Insomelargecities,suchasLosAngeles,policedepartmentshavesetupspeciallytrainedcomputercrimeunits.¡¡¡¡Butevenwhenanoffenderiscaught,theinvestigators,attorneys(ÂÉʦ),judges,orjuriesmayfindtheallegedcrimetoocomplicatedandperplexingtohandle.Moreattorneysarespecializingincomputerlawandstudyingthecomputer¡¯spotentialformisuse.¡¡¡¡Afteracomputercrimehasbeendiscovered,manycompaniesdonotreportitorprosecute£¨ÆðËߣ©thepersonresponsible.Acompanymaynotannouncethecrimeoutoffearthatthepubicwillfindouttheweaknessesofitscomputersystemandloseconfidenceinitsorganization.Banks,creditcardcompanies,andinvestmentfirmsareespeciallysensitiveaboutrevealingtheirvulnerabilities(´àÈõÐÔ£©becausetheyrelyheavilyoncustomertrust.¡¡¡¡Toavoidpublicattention,cautiouscompanieswilloftensettlecasesofcomputertamperingoutofcourt.Andifcasesdogototrialandtheoffendersareconvicted,theymaybepunishedonlybyafineorlightsentencebecausethejudgeorjuryisn¡¯tfullytrainedtounderstandthenatureandseriousnessofthecrime.¡¡¡¡Notallcompaniesaretimidinapprehendingcomputercriminals.Forexample,ConnecticutGeneralLifeInsuranceCompanydecidedithadtogettoughonviolators.Sowhenthecompanydiscoveredthatoneofitscomputertechnicianshadembezzled«Ã¡ç200,000byenteringfalsebenefitclaims,itpresenteditfindingstothestate¡¯sattorneyandaidedintheprosecutionofthetechnician.Thetechnicianwasfoundguiltyandsentencedtoprison,notjustforthecomputermisuse,butalsoforgrandtheftandinsurancefraud.ConnecticutGeneralnowhasapolicyofreportingallincidentsoftheftorfraud,nomatterhowsmall.¡¡¡¡Ìáʾ:ÔÚʵ¿¼ÊÔ¾íÖУ¬8-10ÌâÔÚ´ðÌ⿨1ÉÏ¡£¡¡¡¡1.TheFBIknowsexactlyhowlargealossisinvolvedincomputercrimes.¡¡¡¡2.Ithasbecomeeasyformicrocomputerownerstousehugemainframedatabases.¡¡¡¡3.ItisimpliedintheParagraph3thatmostcomputercriminalsaretheemployeesoftheconcernedcompanies.¡¡¡¡4.Manycompaniesdon¬ðtreportcomputercrimesbecauselawproceduresagainstcomputercrimesusuallycostalotofmoney.¡¡¡¡5.Whencomputercrimetakesplaceinaroomfilledwithpeople,thereareusuallymanywitnessestothecrime.¡¡¡¡6.ThepassageismainlyabouttheincreaseofcomputercrimesinAmericaandthedifficultiesincombatingcomputercrimes.¡¡¡¡7.Computercrimesareontherisebecausemorecheapmicrocomputersareavailable.¡¡¡¡8.Accordingtothepassage,computercrimeshasbeenontheriseforthelastyears.¡¡¡¡9.ConnecticutGeneralLifeInsurancecompanyiscitedasofcompaniesthattookseriousmeasurestofightagainstcomputercrimes.¡¡¡¡10.Banks,creditcardcompanies,andinvestmentfirmsareespeciallysensitiveaboutrevealingtheirvulnerabilitiesbecausetheyplacetoomuchrelianceon.¡¡¡¡Part¢óListeningComprehension£¨35minutes£©¡¡¡¡SectionA¡¡¡¡Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.¡¡¡¡11ª±A)Shewon¬ðtletherfriendborrowthecar.B)Shewillshopforacar.¡¡¡¡C)Shehasagoodcar.D)Shewilllendhercartoherfriend.¡¡¡¡12ª±A)Shehasn¡¯theardfromtheprofessorinaweek.¡¡¡¡B)Theclasshasextratimetocompletetheassignment.¡¡¡¡C)Sheonlyjustfoundoutabouttheeconomicspaper.¡¡¡¡D)Shewon¡¯tseetheprofessoruntilnextweek.¡¡¡¡13ª±A)Herbackhandisalmostperfect.¡¡¡¡B)Thetimethemanspentpracticinghashelpedhim.¡¡¡¡C)Theman¡¯smotherwantedhimtopractice.¡¡¡¡D)Hermotherisagoodtenniscoach.¡¡¡¡14ª±A)Boardthetrain.B)Sendafax.¡¡¡¡C)Changehisdeparturetime.D)Havebreakfast.¡¡¡¡15ª±A)Heturnedacornersofast.B)Heranaredlight.¡¡¡¡C)Hewentthroughastopsign.D)Hewasspeeding.¡¡¡¡16ª±A)Eachpersonwillbeallowedtobuyonlyoneticket.¡¡¡¡B)Theticketswillselloutquickly.¡¡¡¡C)Therockconcertwillprobablyberescheduled.¡¡¡¡D)Therewillbeextratickets.¡¡¡¡17ª±A)Theydidn¡¯tgetwet.B)They¡¯relatefortheconcert.¡¡¡¡C)Theyprefertodresscasually.D)They¡¯rereallylookingforwardtotheconcert.¡¡¡¡18ª±A)Shewasworkingonatrainschedule.B)Shedidn¡¯tgethomeuntilaftermidnight.¡¡¡¡C)Shewasbusywithherguestsallevening.D)Shelefttoolatetocatchthetrain.¡¡¡¡Question19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.¡¡¡¡19.A)Howdifferentkindsofpepperareproduced.B)Whywhitepepperissuperiortoblackpepper.¡¡¡¡C)Howthepepperplantisgrown.D)Howvariouspeppersareusedincooking.¡¡¡¡20.A)Hereadaboutitinacookbook.B)Hegrowshisownherbsandspices.¡¡¡¡C)Heheardaboutitfromafriend.D)Hestudieditincookingschool.¡¡¡¡21.A)It¡¯spreservedinliquid.B)Theskinisremoved.¡¡¡¡C)It¡¯sdriedinthesun.D)It¡¯sfreeze¡ªdried.¡¡¡¡22.A)It¡¯smorepurethanothertypesofpepper.B)Ithelpsmaintainthecolorofcertaindishes.¡¡¡¡C)Ithasafruityflavor.D)It¡¯seasiertogrow.¡¡¡¡Question23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.¡¡¡¡23.A)Astoryinprose.B)Apoemthatrhymes.¡¡¡¡C)Atranslationofashortliterarywork.D)Ajournalabouttheprocessofwriting.¡¡¡¡24.A)Theclasshasbeenassignedtoreadit.¡¡¡¡B)HewasabletoreaditinFrench.¡¡¡¡C)Heisn¡¯tsureit¡¯savailableinEnglish.¡¡¡¡D)Hethinksit¡¯sanexampleofwhattheprofessorwants.¡¡¡¡25.A)It¡¯spronounceddifferentlyinFrenchthanitisinEnglish.¡¡¡¡B)TowritewithoutusingitisdifficultbothinEnglishandinFrench.¡¡¡¡C)EverywordintheFrenchauthor¡¯sbookcontainedit.¡¡¡¡D)It¡¯scommonlyusedinEnglishtomakepoetryrhyme.¡¡¡¡SectionB¡¡¡¡Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.¡¡¡¡PassageOne¡¡¡¡Questions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.¡¡¡¡26ª±A)Automobilesafety.B)Increasingfuelefficiency.¡¡¡¡C)California¡¯spollutionlaws.D)Electric¡ªpoweredcars.¡¡¡¡27ª±A)Theyarecheaper.B)Theydonotpolluteasmuch.¡¡¡¡C)Theyaresimplertodrive.D)Theyarefaster.¡¡¡¡28ª±A)Itisnotcomfortable.¡¡¡¡B)Itisdifficulttosteer.¡¡¡¡C)Itcannotgolongdistancewithoutrecharging.¡¡¡¡D)Itsengineeasilyoverheats.¡¡¡¡PassageTwo¡¡¡¡Questions29to31arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.¡¡¡¡29ª±A)ItspublicationwasbannedbytheBritishgovernment.¡¡¡¡B)Itwasthefirstweeklynewspaper.¡¡¡¡C)Itcausedaprisonrevolt.¡¡¡¡D)Itwasthefirstmagazineeverpublished.¡¡¡¡30ª±A)HewrotearticlescriticaloftheChurchofEngland.¡¡¡¡B)HerefusedtostoppublishingTheReview.¡¡¡¡C)Herefusedtopaypublishingtaxes.¡¡¡¡D)HerefusedtojointheChurchofEngland.¡¡¡¡31ª±A)Itwasnotreallyamagazine.B)Itfeaturedavarietyofarticlesandstories.¡¡¡¡C)Itwaspraisedbyreadersofpoetry.D)Itwasunpopularwithpoliticalanalysis.¡¡¡¡PassageThree¡¡¡¡Questions32to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.¡¡¡¡32.A)MissStraus£®B)MabelBird£®¡¡¡¡C)¡¡IsidorStraus£®D)MabelBird¡¯sservant£®¡¡¡¡33.A)Togetintothelifeboat£®¡¡¡¡B)Tostaywithherhusband£®¡¡¡¡C)Tobeclosetoherhusband£®¡¡¡¡D)Tostandarminarmonthedeckwithherhusband£®¡¡¡¡34.A)Herbestfriend£®B)Herheart¡¯struecompanion£®¡¡¡¡C)Alwaysacomforttohersoul.D)¡¡Alloftheabove£®¡¡¡¡35.A)Shewantedtoputthechildrenfirstintothelifeboat£®¡¡¡¡B)Shecouldnotbeartoleaveherhusband£®¡¡¡¡C)Shehelpedherservanttogetintotheboat£®¡¡¡¡D)Shewastoooldtoputherfootontheedgeoftheboat.¡¡¡¡SectionC¡¡¡¡Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyouownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.¡¡¡¡Ìáʾ:ÔÚʵ¿¼ÊÔ¾íÖУ¬¸ÃÊÔÌâÔÚ´ðÌ⿨2ÉÏ¡£¡¡¡¡OneofthebestwaystocelebrateMother¡¯sDayistogiveyourmomthedayoff.Lethertakeiteasyand(36)whiletherestofthefamilydoesthework.¡¡¡¡MyfamiliesbeginMother¡¯sDaywith(37)inbed.Usuallydadandthekidswillletmomsleeplateastheygointothe(38)andprepareher¡¡¡¡(39)meal.AMother¡¯sDaybreakfastcan(40)ofanythingyourmomlikes.¡¡¡¡Afterthefoodiscooked(41)everythingnicelyona(42).Don¡¯tforgetthe(43)withasingleflower.Witespringhere,thechildrencanpickatulip£¨Óô½ðÏ㣩ordaffodil£¨»ÆË®ÏÉ»¨£©fromthegardenoutside.Wheneverythingisready(44).Cardsandsmallpresentsfromthechildrencanbeplacedonthetraybeforeitispresentedtomominbed.¡¡¡¡ManyfamiliesmakeaspecialMother¡¯sDaydinneror(45).Itisagooddaytoletyourmomhaveagoodrestandletherseewhatawonderfulfamilyshehas.¡¡¡¡(46).Thesetelegramscanbesentfromanypostofficeinthiscountry.¡¡¡¡Part¢ôReadingComprehension£¨ReadinginDepth£©£¨25minutes£©¡¡¡¡SectionA¡¡¡¡Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.¡¡¡¡Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.¡¡¡¡WhatisitaboutAmericansandfood?Welovetoeat,butwefeel¡¡¡¡47aboutitafterward.Wesaywewantonlythebest,butwestrangelyenjoyjunkfood.We¡¯re48withhealthandweightlossbutfaceanunprecedentedepidemicofobesity(·ÊÅÖ).Perhapsthe49tothisambivalence(ì¶ÜÇé½á)liesinourhistory.ThefirstEuropeanscametothiscontinentsearchingfornewspicesbutwentinvain.Thefirstcashcrop(¾­¼Ã×÷Îï)wasn¡¯teatenbutsmoked.ThentherewasProhibition,intendedtoprohibitdrinkingbutactuallyencouragingmore50waysofdoingit.¡¡¡¡Theimmigrantexperience,too,hasbeenoneofinharmony.DoasRomansdomeanseatingwhat¡°realAmericans¡±eat,butournation¡¯sfoodhascometobe¡¡¡¡51byimports¡ªpizza,say,orhotdogs.Andsomeofthecountry¡¯smosttreasuredcookingcomesfrompeoplewhoarrivedhereinshackles.¡¡¡¡Perhapsitshouldcomeasnosurprisethenthatfoodhasbeenamediumforthenation¡¯sdefiningstruggles,whetherattheBostonTeaPartyorthesitª²insatsouthernlunchcounters.Itisintegraltoourconceptsofhealthandevenmoralitywhetheronerefrainsfromalcoholforreligiousreasonsorevadesmeatforpolitical52.¡¡¡¡Butstrongopinionshavenotbrought53.Americansareambivalentaboutwhattheyputintheirmouths.Wehavebecome54ofourfoods,especiallyaswelearnmoreaboutwhattheycontain.¡¡¡¡The55infoodisstillprosperousintheAmericanconsciousness.It¡¯snocoincidence,then,thatthefirstThanksgivingholdstheAmericanimaginationinsuchbondage£¨Êø¸¿£©.It¡¯swhatweeat¡ªandhowwe56itwithfriends,family,andstrangers¡ªthathelpdefineAmericaasacommunitytoday.¡¡¡¡SectionB¡¡¡¡Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.¡¡¡¡PassageOne¡¡¡¡Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.¡¡¡¡Resourcescanbesaidtobescarceinbothanabsoluteandrelativesense:thesurfaceoftheEarthisfinite,imposingabsolutescarcity;butthescarcitythatconcernseconomistsistherelativescarcityofresourcesindifferentuses.Materialsusedforonepurposecannotatthesametimebeusedforotherpurposes;ifthequantityofaninputislimited,theincreaseduseofitinonemanufacturingprocessmustcauseittobecomelessavailableforotheruses.¡¡¡¡Thecostofaproductintermsofmoneymaynotmeasureitstruecosttosociety.Thetruecostof,say,theconstructionofasupersonicjetisthevalueoftheschoolsandrefrigeratorsthatwillneverbebuiltasaresult.Everyactofproductionusesupsomeofsociety¡¯savailableresources;itmeanstheforegoingofanopportunitytoproducesomethingelse.Indecidinghowtouseresourcesmosteffectivelytosatisfythewantsofthecommunity,thisopportunitycostmustultimatelybetakenintoaccount.¡¡¡¡Inamarketeconomythepriceofagoodandthequantitysupplieddependonthecostofmakingit,andthatcost,ultimately,isthecostofnotmakingothergoods.Themarketmechanismenforcesthisrelationship.Thecostof,say,apairofshoesisthepriceoftheleather,thelabor,thefuel,andotherelementsusedupinproducingthem.Butthepriceoftheseinputs,inturn,dependsonwhattheycanproduceelsewhere¡ªiftheleathercanbeusedtoproducehandbagsthatarevaluedhighlybyconsumers,thepricesofleatherwillbebidupcorrespondingly.¡¡¡¡57.Whatdoesthispassagemainlydiscuss?¡¡¡¡A)Thescarcityofmanufacturedgoods.¡¡¡¡B)Thevalueofscarcematerials.¡¡¡¡C)Themanufacturingofscarcegoods.¡¡¡¡D)Thecostofproducingshoes.¡¡¡¡58.Accordingtothepassage,whataretheopportunitycostsofanitem?¡¡¡¡A)Theamountoftimeandmoneyspentinproducingit.¡¡¡¡B)Theopportunitiesapersonhastobuyit.¡¡¡¡C)Thevalueofwhatcouldhavebeenproducedinstead.¡¡¡¡D)Thevalueoftheresourcesusedinitsproduction.¡¡¡¡59.Accordingtothepassage,whatistherelationshipbetweenproductionandresources?¡¡¡¡A)Availableresourcesstimulateproduction.¡¡¡¡B)Resourcesaretotallyindependentofproduction.¡¡¡¡C)Productionincreasesasresourcesincrease.¡¡¡¡D)Productionlessenstheamountofavailableresources.¡¡¡¡60.Whatdeterminesthepriceofagoodinamarketeconomy?¡¡¡¡A)Thecostofallelementsinproduction.B)Thecostofnotmakingothergoods.¡¡¡¡C)Theefficiencyofthemanufacturingprocess.D)Thequantityofmaterialssupplied.¡¡¡¡61.WhichofthefollowingexamplesBESTreflectsacosttosocietyasdefinedinthepassage?¡¡¡¡A)Afamilybuyingadog.¡¡¡¡B)Eatinginarestaurantinsteadofathome.¡¡¡¡C)Usinglandforahouseinsteadofapark.¡¡¡¡D)Stayingathomeinsteadofgoingtoschool.¡¡¡¡PassageTwo¡¡¡¡Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.¡¡¡¡Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.¡¡¡¡Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof¡°naturalleaders¡±.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.¡¡¡¡Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto¡°getthingsdone¡±.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewellª²beingsofasocialgroup¬ðsmembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.¡¡¡¡Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveothersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibit(×è°­)attainmentofthegroup¬ðsgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesandtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.¡¡¡¡62.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?¡¡¡¡A)Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.¡¡¡¡B)Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.¡¡¡¡C)Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.¡¡¡¡D)Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.¡¡¡¡63.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT.¡¡¡¡A)recruitment¡¡¡¡B)formalelectionprocess¡¡¡¡C)specificleadershiptraining¡¡¡¡D)traditionalculturalpatterns¡¡¡¡64.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?¡¡¡¡A)personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.¡¡¡¡B)Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.¡¡¡¡C)Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.¡¡¡¡D)Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.¡¡¡¡65.Inmentioning¡°naturalleaders¡±inline7,theauthorismakingthepointthat.¡¡¡¡A)fewpeoplequalifyas¡°naturalleaders¡±¡¡¡¡B)thereisnoproofthat¡°naturalleaders¡±exist¡¡¡¡C)¡°naturalleaders¡±areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofagroup¡¡¡¡D)¡°naturalleaders¡±shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics¡¡¡¡66.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson.¡¡¡¡A)ensuringharmoniousrelationships¡¡¡¡B)sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers¡¡¡¡C)identifyingnewleaders¡¡¡¡D)achievingagoal¡¡¡¡Part¢õErrorCorrection¡¡¡¡Direction:Thispartconsistsofashortpassage.Inthispassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,oneineachnumberedline.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addawordordeleteaword.Markoutthemistakesandputthecorrectionsintheblanksprovided.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitoutandwritethecorrectwordinthecorrespondingblank.Ifyouaddaword,putaninsertionmark(¡Ä)intherightplaceandwritethemissingwordintheblank.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutandputaslash(/)intheblank.¡¡¡¡Whenwespeakofahumanneed,wemeansomething¡¡¡¡whichisunnecessarytolife,somethingwecanlivewith.67¡¡¡¡Foodisahumanneed.Wewillstarvetodeathifthere68¡¡¡¡werenofoodonearth;butevenifwehaveplentyoffood,¡¡¡¡butofthewrongkind,ourbodieswillhaveproblemfrom¡¡¡¡lackoftherightfood.Thisisknownformalnutrition(Óª69Ñø²»Á¼£©.¡¡¡¡Incountrieswherearenotdeveloped,man¡¯sfood70¡¡¡¡needsarethesamelikeinthemostadvancedsocieties.We71¡¡¡¡allneedfoodandcouldliveagoodlifeonveryfewtypesof¡¡¡¡food.Peopleinverydevelopedcountrieseatonlythekinds72¡¡¡¡offoodwhichcanbegrownneartheirhomes,whereas¡¡¡¡peopleindevelopedcountrieseatfoodswhichareoften¡¡¡¡grownmanythousandsofmilesawayformtheirhomes.¡¡¡¡Peopleinundevelopedcountriesarehappywithless¡¡¡¡differentkindsoffoodsthanpeopleinverydevelopedones¡¡¡¡are,sowecansaythatdespitetheneedsofthetwokinds73¡¡¡¡ofpeoplearethesame,theirwantsaredifferent.Peoplein¡¡¡¡verydevelopedcountrieseatmanydifferenttypesof¡¡¡¡meat¡ªtheycouldlivebyonlyone,buttheywouldbevery74¡¡¡¡unhappybecauseeverytimewhattheyatewasthesame.¡¡¡¡Evensuchspecialfoodslikechickenwouldbelessfunto75¡¡¡¡eatifyouhadthemeveryday.Butwecan¡¯tjustliveon¡¡¡¡meat¡ªweneedotherkindsoffoodlikebread,rice,and¡¡¡¡vegetableswhicharenomorenecessarytoourbodies.76¡¡¡¡Part¢öTranslation(5minutes)¡¡¡¡Direction:CompletethesentencesonAnswerSheet2bytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveninbrackets.¡¡¡¡Ìáʾ:ÔÚʵ¿¼ÊÔ¾íÖУ¬¸ÃÊÔÌâÔÚ´ðÌ⿨2ÉÏ¡£¡¡¡¡77.JinlingHotel,whereIstayedduringmyfirstvisittoNanjing,£¨×ùÂäÔÚ£©onHanzhongRoad.¡¡¡¡78.Iamsurewecansolvetheproblemifweall(¼¯Ë¼¹ãÒæ).¡¡¡¡79.Maryconstantly(ÌôÌÞ)herhusband,whichannoyshim.¡¡¡¡80.Itisnogoodwaitingforthebus,(ÎÒÃDz»·Á×߻ؼҰÉ).¡¡¡¡81.Pricesaregoinguprapidly.Petrolnow(ÏÖÔÚÆûÓ͵ļ۸ñÊǼ¸ÄêÇ°µÄÁ½±¶).

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